I  :S 


733 

B8 


UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA 

SYLLABUS   SERIES 

No.  134         Price,  15  Cents 


THE  USE  OF  THE  LIBRARY 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  PRESS 
BERKELEY,  CALIFORNIA 

1921 


UNIVERSITY   OF   CALIFORNIA 
SYLLABUS    SERIES 


1.  Economics  1.    Introduction  to  Economics.    Topical  Outline  and  Refer- 
ences.   1905.    Revised,  1910.    Price,  50  cents. 

3.  Economies  Sb.    Money,    Topics  and  References.    1906.    Price,  50  cents. 

6.  Economies  43.     History  of  Social  Reform  Movements.     Topics  and 

References.     1907.     Price,  50  cents. 

7.  Englisli  1a.     Sections  I-II.     Narration  and  Description.     Outline  of 

the  course.     1908.     Price,  10  cents. 

11.  Mathematics.      Syllabus  of  Mathematics  for  Engineering  Students. 
1909.    Revised,  1910.    Price,  5  cents.    " 

13.  Synopsis   of   the   Families   of  Insects   Inhabiting   California.      1909. 

Price,  5  cents. 

14.  English  13a.    Analysis  of  the  Sources  of  Accented  Vowels  in  Chaucer's 

Canterbury  Tales,  B  4011-4060.    1909.    Price,  25  cents. 

15.  Syllabus  of  Historical  Geography.     1908.     Price,  25  cents. 

16.  Exercises  for  Economics  8.     Theory  and  History  of  Banking.     1910. 

Price,  25  cents. 

17.  Economics  151m.     Crime  as  a  Social  Problem.     1910.     Revised^  1912. 

Price,  35  cents. 

19.  Laboratory  Instructions   in  Physiological  Chemistry.     1910.     Price, 

20  cents. 

20.  Synopsis  of  Lectures  in  Palaeontology  1.     1913.     Reprinted,  August, 

1920.     Price,  50  cents. 

21.  Specimen  Themes.    English  1.     1911.    Price,  $1.00. 

22.  Laboratory  Instructions  in  Experimental  Biology.     1911.     Price,  25 

cents. 

24.  Hygiene.      The   Biological   Interpretation    of   Public    Health.      1911. 
Price,  25  cents. 

27.  Outline  of  Lectures  in  General  Science  1.    1911.     Price,  50  cents. 

30.  Outline  of  Lectures  in  General  Science  2.     1912.    Price,  45  cents. 

(Continued  on  third  page  of  cover) 


THE  USE  OF  THE  LIBRARY 


PREPARED   FOR  THE  DEPARTMENT  OF   ENGLISH 
BY 

FRANK  M.  BUMSTEAD 

SUPERINTENDENT  OF  CIRCULATION,  UNIVERSITY  LIBRARY 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  PRESS 
BERKELEY,  CALIFORNIA 


^-^^v 


CONTENTS 

PAGK 

Preface 5 

Reserved  Book  Room 5 

Reading  Room...... 6 

Reference  books.. 8 

Reference  Department 10 

Periodical  Room 10 

Periodical  indexes 11 

The  Catalogue 14 

Main  entry 14 

Added  entries 17 

Governments,  etc.,  as  authors 18 

Periodical  entries .' 19 

Analytics 20 

Arrangement  of  cards 21 

Subheadings 23 

Classification 24 

Classed  or  Subject  catalogue 25 

Call  numbers 26 

Bibliography , 27 

Kinds  of  bibliography 28 

Preparation 29 

Standard  forms 31 

Arrangement  of  references 34 

List  of  references 35 

Index 36 


478327 


THE  USE  OF  THE  LIBRARY 


PEEFACE 

The  object  of  this  syllabus  is  to  enable  the  student  to  use  the  resources 
of  the  University  Library  intelligently,  and  to  prevent  the  loss  of  time 
and  energy  caused  by  insuflScient  knowledge  of  library  methods.  A 
library  has  been  called  a  storehouse  of  knowledge,  but  if  one  does  not 
know  how  to  find  material  in  the  "storehouse"  it  lacks  value  to  that 
person.  The  examples  cited  in  this  syllabus  apply  to  the  University  of 
California  Library,  but  the  general  principles  apply  to  all  scholarly 
libraries. 

EESEEVED  BOOK  EOOM 

The  Eeserved  Book  Eoom  is  on  the  ground  floor  of  the  Library  near 
the  main  entrance.  Books  selected  by  members  of  the  faculty  as  assigned 
readings  for  their  students  are  known  as  reserved  books  and  are  shelved 
in  this  room.  Special  collections  such  as  those  of  History  I,  Economies  I, 
and  English  I  are  also  shelved  here. 

Books  are  grouped  on  the  reserve  shelves  according  to  the  course  of 
instruction.  A  list  of  these  groups  is  posted  on  the  bulletin  board  at  the 
entrance.  This  list  gives  the  title  and  number  of  the  course,  the  name 
of  the  person  giving  it,  and  the  case  and  shelf  number  where  each  group 
may  be  found;  for  example, 

(Case)   (Shelf) 
Agriculture  201 Camp 237:1-5 

Since  occasionally  the  same  title  is  requested  for  reserve  for  more 
than  one  course,  copies  of  the  same  work  may  sometimes  be  found  in 
different  locations.  If  the  book  desired  is  not  found  readily,  it  is  advis- 
able to  consult  the  card  catalogue  in  the  center  of  the  room  between  the 
first  and  second  turnstiles.  All  books  on  reserve  are  listed  in  this  cata- 
logue. The  cards  are  arranged  alphabetically  according  to  the  surnames 
of  the  authors  without  regard  to  their  initials.  The  titles  of  the  books 
are  also  arranged  alphabetically  under  the  name  of  the  author.  In  the 
upper  left-hand  corner  of  the  catalogue  card  will  be  found  the  number 
of  the  case  and  of  the  shelf  where  the  books  are  located. 

To  draw  a  book  from  the  reserve  collection,  go  through  the  turnstile 
and  select  the  book  from  the  shelves.  Fill  out  a  charge  slip  by  writing 
legibly  the  author 's  name,  the  title,  the  call  number  as  it  appears  on  the 


6  The  Use  cf  the  Library 

back  of  the  book,  and  your  full  name  and  address  giving  city  as  well  as 
street  number.  As  you  pass  out  the  gate  put  your  slip  on  desk,  show  your 
registration  card,  and  present  the  book  with  its  back  toward  the  attendant 
so  that  the  number  can  be  readily  checked. 

Books  for  overnight  use  should  be  signed  for  on  pink  overnight  slij^s. 
They  may  be  drawn  one  hour  before  closing  time  and  are  due  within  an 
hour  after  the  opening  of  the  Library  the  nest  morning. 

Eeaders  are  requested  not  to  take  books  or  handbags  into  the  enclosure. 
They  should  also  note  that  while  books  may  be  carried  from  this  room 
to  other  parts  of  the  Library,  they  are  issued  only  for  use  in  the  building 
(except  for  overnight  charges)  and  should  be  returned  as  soon  as  con- 
tinuous reading  is  over.  They  should  not  be  passed  on  to  other  readers  or 
left  out  of  use  on  some  shelf  or  table  while  the  borrower  is  away  at  class 
or  meals.  To  allow  most  equitable  use  of  these  books  each  student  may 
have  only  one  out  at  a  time,  but  he  may  take  in  addition  a  dictionary 
or  an  atlas. 

Before  leaving  the  Library  readers  should  return  to  the  discharging 
desk  in  the  Eeserved  Book  Koom  books  drawn  out,  and  reclaim  and  destroy 
slips.  Those  who  do  not  care  to  wait  for  call  slips  may  leave  books  on 
the  return  desk,  but,  as  they  are  responsible  for  books  as  long  as  their 
slips  remain  on  file,  they  may  insure  themselves  against  possible  error 
by  reclaiming  the  slips. 

READING  ROOM 

The  Reading  Room  is  the  large  room  above  the  main  entrance  on  the 
second  floor  of  the  Library.  While  there  are  tables  for  general  reading 
and  study  in  this  room,  the  important  feature  is  the  books  it  contains. 
There  are  two  types  of  books  in  this  collection.  In  the  first  group,  which 
is  intended  for  general  reading,  are  some  of  the  best  books  on  various 
subjects  including  histories,  travel  and  description,  and  representative 
works  of  literature.  The  second  group  is  composed  of  reference  books, 
that  is,  books  intended  for  consultation  rather  than  reading.  A  student 
will  be  well  repaid  for  the  time  spent  in  learning  how  to  use  and  become 
familiar  with  reference  books.  It  is  not  suflicient  for  him  to  read  about 
them;  he  needs  to  examine  carefully  and  to  use  reference  books  in  order 
to  become  thoroughly  acquainted  with  them.  In  looking  them  over  he 
should  pay  especial  attention  to  the  preface  and  the  introduction.  Here 
one  usually  finds  a  description  of  the  scope  of  the  work  and  information 
about  particular  features  and  form  of  treatment  adopted,  as  well  as 
explanations  of  the  abbreviations  used.  The  date  the  book  was  copy- 
righted should  also  be  considered,  as  some  books  soon  become  obsolete, 
even  though  published  recently.  The  copyright  date  appears  on  the  back 
of  the  title  page  and  is  a  better  guide  than  the  date  of  publication  as 


The  Use  of  the  Library  7 

books  are  often  repriuted  with  a  new  date  of  publication  but  without  any 
change  in  the  text  of  the  book.  In  some  reference  books  the  value  of 
the  material  is  not  affected  by  lapse  of  time  but  they  may  need  supple- 
menting with  more  recent  information  from  some  other  source. 

There  are  entries  in  the  main  catalogue  for  all  the  books  in  the 
Readiug  Room  and  to  indicate  those  shelved  there  an  "R"  is  prefixed 
to  the  call  number  for  books  in  the  Rowell  classification  and  a  figure  "3" 
to  the  call  number  for  books  under  the  Library  of  Congress  classification; 
for  example, 

R917  Warner's  Library  of  the  world's  best  literature 
W 
3-DA28  Dictionary  of  national  biography 
D4 

Beginning  with  case  one  to  the  left  of  the  entrance,  the  books  are 
arranged  along  the  walls  of  the  room  in  call  number  order,  those  in  the 
Library  of  Congress  classification  coming  first. 

OX  SOUTH  WALL: 

Genealogy 

European  history  and  travel 

Ancient  history 

Jewish  history 

ON  WEST  WALL: 

Asiatic  and  African  history  and  travel 
United  States  history 

ON  NORTH  WALL: 

United  States  history  continued 

Mexican  history  and  travel 

Central  and  South  American  history  and  travel 

Geography 

Sports 

Economics 

Political  science 

Education 

Agriculture 

Technology 

Philosophy 

Religion 

Law 

General  science 


8  The  Use  of  the  Lihrarij 

ON  EAST  WALL: 
Geology 
Zoology 
Medicine 
Cliemistry 
Architecture 
Painting- 
Music 
Philology  and  literature 

ON  SOUTH  WALL: 

English  literature 
Literary  criticism 
Dictionaries  of  literature 
Histories  of  literature 
Warner's  library 

Representative  works  of  English  and  American  authors 
Mary  Lake  collection;  a  separate  collection  of  English  and  American 
poetry 

A  more  detailed  list  by  call  numbers  is  posted  on  the  bulletin  board 
just  inside  of  the  entrance. 

REFERENCE   BOOKS 

In  order  to  make  the  reference  books  most  frequently  used  more 
easily  accessible,  they  have  been  removed  from  their  classified  position 
in  the  wall  cases  and  shelved  on  Cases  A,  B,  and  C,  the  wooden  floor 
cases  in  the  middle  of  the  room  behind  the  center  desk.  Lack  of  space 
prevents  a  detailed  description  of  the  reference  books  in  these  cases,  but 
some  of  the  more  important  ones  will  be  mentioned.  For  information 
concerning  reference  books  an  excellent  manual  to  consult  is  A.  B.  Kroeger, 
Guide  to  the  study  and  use  of  reference  bool's. 

The  books  in  Case  A  may  be  roughly  divided  into  the  following  groups: 
bibliographies,  directories  and  gazetteers,  biographical  dictionaries  and 
yearbooks,  indexes,  and  literary  handbooks. 

The  bibliographies  are  almost  entirely  subject  bibliographies  and 
occupy  the  shelves  below  the  ledge  on  the  west  side  of  the  case,  those 
pertaining  to  economics  and  history  predominating. 

The  directories  and  gazetteers  include  the  city  directories  of  Berkeley, 
Oakland  and  Alameda,  San  Francisco,  Los  Angeles,  and  New  York  City, 
the  California  blue  tool:,  Official  register  of  the  United  States,  and  Lijypin- 
cott's  new  gazetteer. 

The  biographical  dictionaries  and  yearbooks  form  a  group  of  books 
especially  adapted  for  ready  reference  and  include  such  books  as  Who 's 


The  Use  of  the  Lihrary  9 

who,  Who's  who  in  America,  International  wJio's  wJio,  aud  other  similar 
publications,  Lippincott's  universal  pronouncing  dictionary  of  hiograijhyi, 
Statesman 's  year-iooJc,  American  year  hooTc,  Mexican  year  book,  Literary 
year-hook,  Whitaker's  AlmanacTc,  and  World  almanac.  Special  mention 
should  be  made  of  the  following:  Who's  who,  published  in  England,  gives 
short  biographical  sketches  of  prominent  living  persons.  Who's  who  in 
America,  as  its  name  implies,  is  published  in  America  and  deals  only  with 
living  Americans.  The  Statesman's  year-book  contains  up-to-date  statis- 
tical and  political  information  about  the  various  governments  of  the 
civilized  world.  A  word  should  also  be  said  for  the  World  almanac,  which 
is  packed  with  useful  information.  It  has  an  index  which  is  sometimes 
overlooked  as  it  is  almost  lost  in  the  advertisements  at  the  front  of  the 
book. 

The  indexes  include  the  Psychological  index,  Engineering  index,  U.  S. 
Bureau  of  education.  Monthly  record  of  current  educational  publications, 
Writings  on  American  history,  and  Eoyal  Society  of  London,  Catalogue 
of  scientific  papers. 

The  literary  handbooks  comprise  a  group  of  books  that  are  very  useful 
to  students  of  English.  They  include  books  of  quotations,  rhyming  dic- 
tionaries, lists  of  the  "best  books,"  lists  of  characters  in  fiction,  hand- 
books of  literary  curiosities,  indexes  to  short  stories,  and  an  index  to 
poetry.  Of  these,  special  mention  should  be  made  of  Granger's  Index  to 
poetry,  which  indexes  over  four  hundred  volumes  of  poetry.  It  is  divided 
into  three  sections,  an  author  index,  a  title  index,  and  an  index  to  first 
lines. 

Case  B  contains  encyclopedias  and  dictionaries  of  which  the  following 
deserve  special  mention. 

The  New  international  encyclopcedia,  jjublished  in  the  United  States,  pre- 
sents an  American  point  of  view.  It  is  easy  to  use  as  the  the  articles 
are  short,  arranged  under  sjaecifie  topics,  and  usually  followed  by  good 
bibliographies. 

The  Encyclopcedia  Britannica,  as  its  name  implies,  is  an  English  publica- 
tion. It  is  a  scholarly  work,  the  articles  are  longer  than  those  in  the 
New  international  encyclopcedia,  and  they  are  arranged  under  broad  topics, 
so  that  it  is  often  necessary  to  use  the  index  to  find  the  material  sought. 

Besides  tLe  encyclopedias  in  the  English  language  the  more  important 
French,  German,  and  Spanish  encyclopedias  are  shelved  in  this  case. 

Copies  of  the  important  dictionaries  of  the  English  language  are  also 
in  this  case.  They  include  Webster's  new  international  dictionary.  Century 
dictionary  and  cyclopedia.  Standard  dictionary,  and  Murray's  New  English 
dictionary  on  historical  principles,  or,  as  it  is  sometimes  called,  the  Oxford 
dictionary. 

In  addition  to  these,  several  synonym  dictionaries  and  a  few  of  the 
foreign  language  dictionaries  are  shelved  here. 


10  The  Use  of  the  Library 

Case  C  is  devoted  exclusively  to  atlases  and  maps.  The  best  historical, 
commercial,  and  political  atlases  are  shelved  here. 

A  few  reference  sets  which  are  too  large  to  shelve  in  Case  A,  B,  or  C 
are  so  important  that  attention  should  be  called  to  them.  They  are 
International  catalogue  of  scientific  literature,  in  cases  89-91;  Index  medicus, 
in  case  94;  Warner's  Library  of  the  world's  best  literature,  in  case  106; 
Appleton's  cyclopaedia  of  American  biography,  in  case  29;  National  cyclo- 
paedia of  American  biography,  in  ease  29;  Dictionary  of  national  biography, 
in  cases  7  and  8.  As  regards  this  last-named  set,  it  should  be  noted  that 
it  deals  only  with  English  biography  and  does  not  include  persons  living 
at  the  time  the  set  was  published.  To  bring  it  up  to  date  supplementary 
volumes  have  been  issued  to  include  the  biographies  of  persons  who  have 
died  after  the  completion  of  the  work.  For  example,  a  life  of  Euskin 
will  not  be  found  in  the  main  work  but  in  volume  three  of  the  first 
supplement. 

EEFEEENCE   DEPAETMENT 

"The  Eeference  Desk  is  at  the  east  end  of  the  Delivery  Hall,  between 
the  Eeading  Eoom  and  the  Periodical  Eoom.  The  function  of  the  depart- 
ment is  to  give  assistance  to  readers  in  their  search  for  information  or 
for  books.  Eeaders  should  apply  here  for  aid  in  the  use  of  the  catalogue 
or  for  direction  in  finding  the  resources  of  the  library  upon  any  subject 
under  investigation.  The  Eeference  Department  has  supervision  over 
reference  books,  periodicals,  maps.  United  States  government  documents, 
university  archives  and  publications,  and  the  'New  Books'  shelf." 
(University  of  California,  Library  HandbooJc.) 

PEEIODICAL  EOOM 

The  Periodical  Eoom  is  the  large  room  on  the  east  side  of  the  Library 
adjoining  the  Eeference  Department.  In  this  room  are  shelved  the  un- 
bound numbers  of  the  more  important  periodicals  and  serials  received  by 
the  Library.  These  are  grouped  by  subjects  around  the  walls  of  the 
room.  A  chart  showing  the  location  by  subjects  is  posted  on  the  bulletin 
board  at  the  entrance.  In  addition  a  card  record  showing  the  location 
of  the  individual  magazines  may  be  consulted  at  the  Periodical  Desk. 

As  noted  above  the  periodicals  in  this  room  are  all  unbound.  After 
they  are  bound  they  are  shelved  in  the  stacks  with  the  exception  of 
sets  of  some  of  the  more  general  magazines  which  are  indexed  in  the 
magazine  indexes.  These  bound  volumes  are  arranged  in  alphabetical 
order  in  the  "Periodical  Annex"  which  is  entered  through  the  doors  on 
the  west  side  of  the  room. 

If  a  student  in  looking  up  magazine  references  does  not  find  the  issues 
desired,  he  should  consult  the  card  catalogue  in  the  Delivery  Hall.     If 


The  Use  of  the  Libra vij  11 

the  volume  wanted  is  listed  on  a  card  there,  that  indicates  that  it  has 
been  bound,  and  he  should  apply  at  the  Loan  Desk  for  it.  If  it  is  not 
listed  on  a  card  he  should  ask  for  it  at  the  Periodical  Desk. 

After  a  periodical  has  been  in  the  Library  thirty  days  the  unbound 
numbers  may  be  drawn  out  for  home  use  for  a  period  of  four  days.  The 
more  recent  unbound  numbers  and  the  bound  volumes  in  the  "Annex" 
may  be  drawn  out  only  fpr  overnight  use. 

PERIODICAL   INDEXES 

The  indexes  to  general  periodical  literature  are  located  at  the  right  of 
the  entrance  to  the  Periodical  Boom.  These  indexes  make  accessible  a 
vast  fund  of  information  which  might  otherwise  be  overlooked. 

The  results  of  original  research,  records  of  new  inventions  and  dis- 
coveries, and  articles  of  literary  criticism  usually  appear  in  periodical 
form  before  they  are  elaborated  into  books.  In  addition  there  is  found 
in  periodicals  a  large  amount  of  other  material  that  is  never  collected 
into  book  form  and  which  would  be  practically  lost  if  it  were  not  indexed. 
Not  all  periodicals  are  included  in  the  indexes,  and  of  those  included, 
some  are  treated  more  fully  than  others. 

The  most  important  of  these  indexes  are 
Poole's  index  to  periodical  literature. 
Headers '  guide  to  periodical  literature. 
International  index  to  periodicals. 
Annual  magazine  subject-index. 
,    Subject  index  to  periodicals. 

The  idea  of  a  periodical  index  occurred  to  William  F.  Poole  in  1848 
while  a  student  assistant  in  the  library  at  Yale  University.  In  1882  in 
cooperation  with  other  librarians  he  published  the  first  volume  of  Index 
to  periodical  literature,  now  commonly  called  Poole's  index.  This  work, 
with  its  supplements  issued  every  five  years,  indexed  470  different  periodicals 
consisting  of  12,241  volumes  and  covered  the  years  from  1802  through  1906. 

Poole's  index  is  a  subject  index,  that  is,  the  subjects  dealt  with  in 
the  articles  are  used  as  headings  for  the  entries  instead  of  the  names  of 
the  authors.  There  are  no  entries  under  names  of  authors  unless  an 
author  is  the  subject  of  an  article.  For  example,  an  article  about  Kipling 
would  be  entered  under  Kipling,  but  an  article  by  Kipling  on  India 
would  be  entered  under  India.  Stories,  plays,  and  verse  which  do  not 
deal  with  specific  subjects  are  entered  under  their  titles.  "Book  reviews 
are  entered  in  two  different  ways:  (a)  reviews  of  a  book  which  has  a 
definite  subject  are  entered  under  subject  of  the  book;  (b)  reviews  of  a 
book  which  does  not  have  a  definite  subject,  i.e.,  a  novel,  a  work  of 
poetry,  a  drama,  are  entered  under  the  name  of  the  author  reviewed." 
The  entries  are  alphabetically  arranged  under  the  subject  or  title.     The 


12  The  Use  of  the  Lihrary 

author  of  the  article  if  known  is  given  in  parentheses  followed  by  the 
name  of  the  publication  and  the  volume  and  page  number. 

Since  the  sui^j^lementary  volumes  of  Poole's  index  were  iJublished  only 
at  five  year  intervals,  the  need  was  felt  for  a  publication  which  would 
index  the  magazines  soon  after  they  were  issued.  In  1901  the  publishers 
of  the  Headers'  guide  to  periodical  literature  endeavored  to  supply  this 
want  by  publishing  a  monthly  index  to  the  magazines  most  used.  To 
avoid  the  necessity  of  looking  through  separate  alphabets  in  each  of  th^ 
monthly  indexes  issued,  every  three  months  the  entries  in  these  numbers 
were  cumulated  or  combined  into  one  aljihabetical  arrangement,  so  that 
there  were  never  more  than  three  separate  numbers  to  consult.  At  the 
end  of  the  year  all  entries  were  alphabetically  arranged  in  one  number. 
This  policy  was  so  successful  that  it  has  been  followed  by  the  publishers 
of  this  index  ever  since.  Not  only  are  the  monthly  numbers  cumulated, 
but  every  five  years  the  five  annual  volumes  are  combined  into  one  volume. 

Some  of  the  special  features  of  the  Headers'  guide  are:  "(1)  full 
dictionary  cataloging  of  all  articles,  i.e.,  their  entry  under  author,  subject, 
and  title  when  necessary;  (2)  uniformity  of  entries,  owing  to  the  fact 
that  the  work  is  done  by  a  few  professional  indexers  rather  than  by 
many  voluntary  collaborators;  (3)  use  of  catalogue  subject  headings 
instead  of  catchword  subjects;  (4)  full  information  in  the  references, 
i.e.,  refers  not  only  to  volume  and  page,  but  also  to  exact  date  and 
inclusive  paging,  and  indicates  illustrations,  portraits,  etc. ' '  It  also 
indexes  certain  books. 

The  Headers'  guide  does  not,  however,  index  so  man_y  periodicals  as 
did  Poole's  index.  To  take  care  of  the  important  periodicals  that  were 
not  being  indexed,  in  1907  the  jjublishers  issued  another  index  with  the 
title  Beaders'  guide  to  periodical  literature  supplement.  In  1920  they 
changed  the  name  of  this  publication  to  International  index  to  periodicals. 
This  follows  the  same  plan  as  the  Headers'  guide  except  that  it  covers  a 
wider  field  and  is  published  bimonthly  instead  of  monthly. 

After  1906,  the  date  that  Poole 's  index  ceased  publication,  there  were 
many  periodicals  no  longer  indexed,  as  the  Headers'  guide  and  Supplement 
only  partially  covered  those  formerly  indexed  by  Poole.  To  care  for 
these  and  other  useful  magazines  the  Boston  Book  Company  in  1908,  with 
the  cooperation  of  librarians,  began  the  publication  of  the  Magazine 
suhject-index,  later  called  the  Annual  magazine  subject-index.  As  its  name 
indicates,  this  index  appears  but  once  a  year.  It  is  a  subject  index,  and 
while  it  indexes  many  general  magazines  it  specializes  on  those  dealing 
with  history,  exploration,  travel,  mountaineering,  outdoor  life,  and  fine 
arts.  It  "omits  short  or  trivial  articles,  poetry,  and  most  fiction,  although 
continued  stories  and  short  stories  by  notable  writers  are  included." 

The  three  indexes  that  we  have  described  have  been  published  in  the 
United  States.     The  English  Library  Association  in  1915  commenced  the 


The  Use  of  the  Library  13 

publicatiou  of  an  index  in  which  it  was  planned  to  pay  more  attention 
to  and  include  more  English  publications  than  were  covered  by  the  indexes 
published  in  this  country.  The  first  volume  of  this  index  (1915)  was 
called  the  Athenaeum  subject  index  to  periodicals.  In  order  to  avoid  con- 
fusion in  regard  to  the  scope  of  the  work  the  word  Athenaeum  has  been 
dropped  from  the  later  issues.  Owing  to  the  war  this  index  has  not  been 
published  so  promptly  as  it  should  be  and  has  come  out  every  two  years 
instead  of  annually.  This  bids  fair  to  be  a  very  important  index,  the 
volume  for  1917-19  indexing  580  periodicals.  It  is  a  subject  index  only. 
The  ' '  arrangement  is  based  upon  the  alphabetical  subject  headings  of 
the  Library  of  Congress  modified  to  suit  English  practice.  Annotations  are 
introduced  when  the  titles  of  the  articles  insufficiently  indicate  their  con- 
tents. Magazine  fiction,  verse  and  essays  not  possessing  subject  matter 
are  not  included. ' ' 

In  addition  to  these  indexes  to  general  literature,  there  are  others 
which  relate  to  special  fields,  such  as  Industrial  arts  index,  Public  avoirs 
information  service  and  Engineering  index.  Attention  should  also  be  called 
to  the  BooTc  review  digest  and  to  the  Dramatic  index. 

The  Boole  review  digest,  first  published  in  1905,  is  a  monthly  index  and 
digest  of  selected  book  reviews  taken  principally  from  the  general  maga- 
zines and  not  as  a  rule  from  the  special  and  technical  journals.  The 
entries  are  arranged  alphabetically  under  the  name  of  the  author  of  the 
book  reviewed  with  a  subject  and  title  index,  and  include  quotations  from 
some  of  the  reviews.  Symbols  are  used  to  indicate  the  type  of  review,  a 
plus  sign  signifying  a  favorable  review  and  a  minus  sign,  an  unfavorable 
one. 

The  Dramatic  index,  first  issued  in  1909,  was  bound  with  the  Annual 
magazine  subject  index  for  several  years,  but  is  now  issued  separately. 
This  is  "an  annual  subject  index  to  all  articles  about  the  drama,  the 
theater,  actors  and  actresses,  playwrights,  librettists,  managers,  etc.,  to 
all  synopses  of  plays,  and  to  all  stage  and  dramatic  portraits,  scenes 
from  plays  and  other  theatrical  illustrations  contained  in  about  150 
English  and  American  periodicals,  and  to  texts  of  plays  whether  published 
in  book  or  magazine  form.  Magazine  articles  are  entered  under,  subject 
only,  texts  of  plays  are  entered  under  title  or  under  the  form  heading 
' '  dramas ' '  with  cross  reference  from  author,  costume  portraits  are  entered 
under  both  the  actor  and  the  character  .  .  .  Kept  to  date  by  the 
quarterly  indexes  in  the  Bulletin  of  bibliography. ' ' 

In  using  the  indexes  it  should  be  borne  in  mind  that  many  of  them 
are  subject  indexes  only  and  do  not  have  author  entries.  Time  may  often 
be  saved  therefore  by  looking  first  under  the  subject.  If  nothing  is  found 
under  the  first  subject  consulted,  some  closely  related  heading  should  be 
looked  up,  where  material  will  probably  be  found  or  at  least  a  reference 
to  the  heading  under  which  that  subject  is  entered.    If  it  is  the  intention 


14  The  Use  of  the  Library 

to  get  all  the  references  dealing  with  the  subject  in  hand,  it  is  advisable 
before  copying  any  to  get  a  general  idea  of  the  scope  and  method  of 
treatment  in  the  Indexes  by  glancing  over  some  of  the  references  given 
and  seeing  how  they  are  subdivided  and  also  noting  related  headings. 
For  example:  The  general  subject  Aeronautics  is  subdivided  into  several 
sections  such  as  Accidents,  Laws  and  regulations,  Study  and  teaching, 
Military,  etc.  Following  the  italicized  ' '  see  also ' '  will  be  found  other 
headings  under  which  material  is  entered,  as:  Aeroplane  motors,  Aero- 
planes, Aviation,  Balloons,  Gliders,  etc.  After  deciding  upon  the  headings 
to  be  consulted  it  is  a  good  plan  to  copy  them  in  alphabetical  order  and 
to  look  in  each  index  under  all  these  headings  using  the  latest  index  first 
and  working  back  from  those  of  more  recent  date  to  the  earlier  volumes. 
The  abbreviations  of  the  names  of  periodicals  used  in  an  index  are 
usually  found  at  the  front  of  the  index.  Aside  from  those  for  names  of 
magazines  a  few  of  the  more  common  abbreviations  used  are: 

n.  d.         no  date. 

n.  s.  new  series. 

il.  illustrated. 

bibliog.  bibliography. 

por.  i^ortrait  given. 

pp.  pages. 

rev.  review;  indicates  that  the  article  quoted  is  a  book  review. 

The  following  is  a  typical  entry: 
Aeronautics. 

Unsolved  problem  of  human  flight,  A.  Post.  il.  Outing  61:63^75, 
O.   '12. 
This  means  that  an  illustrated  article  by  A.  Post  with  the  title  ' '  Un- 
solved Problem,  etc."  will  be  found  in  the  Outing  magazine,  volume  61, 
pages  63  through  75,  which  was  published  in  October,  1912. 

THE  CATALOGUE 

The  Public  Catalogue  is  a  guide  and  an  index  to  the  contents  of  the 
Library.  The  information  is  put  on  cards  in  order  that  the  catalogue  may 
be  kept  up  to  date  by  the  insertion  of  cards  for  new  books  as  they  are 
added  to  the  Library.  This  catalogue  is  on  the  second  floor  at  the  east 
end  of  the  Delivery  Hall.  There  are  two  parts  to  it,  the  Main  or  Dic- 
tionary Catalogue  and  the  Classed  or  Subject  Catalogue.  The  latter, 
which  comprises  but  a  small  portion  of  the  Public  Catalogue,  will  be 
discussed  later  in  this  syllabus. 

MAIN    ENTRY 
The  Main  Catalogue  lists  all  the  books  in  the  Library  and  gives  biblio- 
graphical information  about  them,  so  that  the  reader  may  gain  some  idea 
about  the  books  and  make  a  tentative  selection  from  the  catalogue  before 


The  Use  of  the  Lihvanj  15 

cousulting  the  books  themselves.  When  a  card  describing  a  book  is  made 
for  filing  in  the  catalogue  the  process  is  called  making  an  entry.  The 
wording  at  the  top  which  determines  where  the  card  shall  be  filed  is  called 
the  heading.  Usually  several  entries  under  different  headings  are  made 
for  each  book.  The  ' '  main ' '  entry  is  the  card  which  contains  the  com- 
plete information  about  the  book,  and  is  usually  filed  under  the  name  of 
the  author.  The  other  entries  which  may  be  made  are  called  "added" 
entries.  There  are  several  of  these,  the  more  common  being  the  subject 
entry  and  the  title  entry. 

On  the  main  card  will  be  found  the  call  number,  the  full  name  of  the 
author,  the  title  of  the  book,  the  imprint,  and  the  collation.  The  imprint 
consists  of  the  items  ordinarily  printed  at  the  foot  of  the  title  page, 
comprising  the  name  of  the  publisher  and  the  place  and  date  of  publica- 
tion. The  collation  is  the  descriptive  information  which  specifies  the 
number  of  volumes,  pages,  illustrations,  plates,  and  maps  that  constitute 
the  work.    The  height  in  centimeters  is  also  included. 

Following  the  collation,  notes  are  frecjuently  added  giving  the  name 
of  the  series,  information  about  ^e^•ised  editions,  and  other  items  of  interest, 
and  in  some  cases  the  table  of  contents. 

The  wording  of  the  title  is  usually  an  exact  copy  from  the  title  page 
of  the  book.  In  case  the  title  is  so  long  that  it  is  necessary  to  abbreviate 
it,  three  dots  .  .  .  are  used  to  indicate  an  omission.  If  information  is 
supplied  which  does  not  appear  on  the  title  page,  this  is  enclosed  in 
brackets  [  ].  The  date  of  birth  and,  if  no  longer  living,  of  death  of  the 
author  is  usually  written  after  his  name  to  differentiate  him  from  others 
of  the  same  name.  If  the  Library  has  more  than  one  copy  of  a  book, 
or  if  it  has  different  editions,  those  facts  are  noted  also. 

Upon  examination  of  the  catalogue  it  will  be  found  that  some  of  the 
cards  are  typewritten  and  others  printed.  Most  of  the  printed  cards  are 
obtained  from  the  Library  of  Congress,  which  prints  cards  for  its  own 
books  as  catalogued  and  keeps  a  supply  on  hand  for  sale  to  other  libraries. 
It  does  not,  however,  print  cards  for  all  books  published. 

When  the  card  is  printed  it  is  possible  by  using  different  sizes  of  type 
to  get  more  information  in  the  same  space  than  on  a  typewritten  card. 
As  a  result  the  printed  card  generally  contains  more  information  than 
the  typewritten  one.  In  the  matter  of  use,  however,  there  is  no  distinction 
to  be  made  between  a  printed  and  a  typewritten  card. 

The  items  at  the  very  bottom  of  a  printed  card,  after  the  notes  and 
table  of  contents,  are  intended  primarily  for  use  by  persons  making  cards  for 
the  catalogue,  or  else  they  apply  to  books  in  the  Library  of  Congress. 
The  card  number,  or  serial  number  as  it  is  called,  assigned  by  the  Library 
of  Congress  for  use  in  ordering  duplicate  cards  is  printed  in  the  lower 
right-hand  corner. 


16  The  Use  of  the  Library 

The  following  copy  of  a  typical  card  illustrates  many  of  the  points 
mentioned  above. 


Z1009^     Winsor,  Justin,-  1831-1897. 

W7  ...A  1)ibliogi'aphy  of    Ptolemy's  geography.'     By 

Justin  Winsor.  Kepublished  from  the  Bulletin  of  Har- 
vard university  [UO.  24:r-29, 1883-84]  Cambridge,  ^Nlass., 
University  press :  J.  Wilson  and  son,  1884.* 

cover-title,  42  p.  2.5'^'".  (Harvard  university.  Library. 
Bibliographical  contributions,  no.  18)5 

"An  annotated  list  of  editions  of  the  original  and  aug- 
mented texts  and  translations,  and  of  Wytfliet  's  Continuation, 
with  particular  reference  to  the  development  of  early  American 
cartographj-;  and  with  an  enumeration  of  copies  in  American 
libraries. '  ''• 

Data  furnished  for  each  title:  Description;  maps;  copies; 
references  [to  authorities] 

1.  Ptolemaens,  Claudius.  Geographia — Bibl.  2.  Maps, 
Early— Bibl.' 

Librarv  of  Congress^ 

—  Copy  2.  Z6002.W77 

2—206209 

1  Call   number.  *  Imprint.  'Information  for  cataloguers. 

^  Author.  5  Collation.  *  Library  of  Congress  copies. 

3  Title.  "  Notes.  *  Card  number. 


Two  long  dashes  ■ •  indicate  a  repetition  of  the  name  of  the 

author  and  the  title  of  the  book,  as  in  this  example: 


HG1601    Kniffin,  William  Henry,  1873- 

The  practical  work  of  a  bank ;  a  treatise  on  practical 
banking  which  aims  to  show  the  fundamental  prin- 
ciples of  money ;  the  practical  work  of  a  bank  in  detail, 
and  particularly,  credit  in  its  relation  to  banking  oper- 
ations, by  William  H  Kniffin,  jr.  .  .  .  New  York.  The 
Bankers  publishing  company,  1915. 

vii,  621  p.     illus.,  fold,  tab.,  forms  (1  fold.)    25"^-".     $5.00 

"^  K^6^^^ ^*^  ^^-  (^^^-^  ^^^^-  ^^'  ^^*  P- 

1919  1.  Banks  and  banking,     i.  Title. 

15—20406 
Library  of  Congress  HG1601.K6 

Copv  2. 

Copvright  A  411925 


The  Use  of  the  Library  17 

If  the  Library  has  several  copies  of  a  book  which  are  kept  in  different 
departments,  separate  cards  may  be  filed  for  the  additional  copies.  For 
this  reason  it  is  advisable  to  look  at  a  few  cards  both  before  and  after 
the  first  entry  found  for  the  book  desired,  as  other  copies  may  be  available. 
If  all  the  information  necessary  can  not  be  put  on  one  card,  the  entry  is 
continued  on  one  or  more  additional  cards. 

ADDED    ENTRIES 

Added  entries,  under  subject  or  title,  offer  a  means  of  finding  books 
when  the  names  of  the  authors  are  not  known  to  the  reader;  added  entry 
cards  do  not  always  contain  so  much  information  as  the  main  card,  espe- 
cially if  they  are  typewritten.  A  subject  entry  is  one  which  has  for  a 
heading  the  subject  dealt  with  in  the  book.  Subject  entries  bring  all 
cards  on  the  same  topic  together  in  the  catalogue,  thus  enabling  one  wish- 
ing information  on  a  particular  subject  rather  than  a  certain  book,  to 
ascertain  the  resources  of  the  Library  on  that  subject. 

Entries  under  different  subject  headings  are  frequently  made  for  the 
same  book  in  order  to  bring  out  the  more  important  topics  dealt  with. 
Take  for  example  the  book  by  Eobert  E.  Marett,  AnthropoJogy  and  the 
classics.    Entries  are  made  under  the  headings, 
Anthropology 
Classical  philology 
Picture  writing 
The  headings  on  the   subject   cards   are  typed  in  red   and  the   edges   of 
the  cards  reddened  to  distinguish  them  from  other  cards. 

Title  cards  are  made  chiefly  for  works  of  fiction,  poetry,  and  drama. 
But  other  books  having  entries  made  under  the  subject  do  not  require 
title  cards,  and  such  cards  are  therefore  not  included  in  the  catalogue 
unless  the  book  has  a  very  distinctive  title.  For  instance,  Eatzel,  F.  The 
history  of  manlcind  has  subject  entries  under  Ethnology  and  under  Anthro- 
pology, but  no  title  card.  On  the  other  hand,  Mathew,  J.  EaglehaioTc  end 
crow ;  a  study  of  the  Australian  aborigines,  because  of  the  distinctive  title 
has  an  entry  under  it  in  addition  to  the  subject  entry  under  Ethnology- 
Australia. 

Added  entry  cards  are  usually  made  for  filing  under  the  name  of  the 
editor,  compiler,  or  translator  of  a  book.  In  making  added  entries  the 
heading  is  written  at  the  top  of  the  card  just  above  the  author's  name. 


18  The  Use  of  the  Library 


GOYERXMEXTS,    ETC.,    AS    AUTHORS 

Goveninieuts,  institutions,  and  societies,  as  well  as  individuals,  are 
authors.  Governments  are  considered  as  the  authors  of  their  official  pub- 
lications, so  that  all  publications  issued  by  a  country,  state,  city,  or  town 
will  be  found  under  its  geographical  name,  with  the  name  of  the  depart- 
ment, bureau,  commission,  etc.,  responsible  for  issuing  it  as  a  subheading. 
For  example,  any  one  wishing  to  consult  the  reports  of  the  Interstate 
Commerce  Commission,  which  is  a  federal  body,  would  find  the  entry 
under  IT.  S.  Interstate  Commerce  Commission.  Or  if  the  reports  of  the 
Eailroad  Commission  of  California  were  wanted,  this  being  a  state  com- 
mission, the  entry  would  be  found  under  California  Railroad  Commission. 
Other  examples  are: 

California.     Debris  Commission 

Gt.  Brit.     Parliament 

New  Jersey.     Legislature 

U.  S.  Census  Office 

U.  S.  Geological  Survey 

Institutions  as  authors  include  colleges,  universities,  libraries,  museums, 
churches,  hospitals,  asylums,  prisons,  botanical  and  zoological  gardens,  and 
similar  bodies.  National  or  state  institutions  in  which  the  name  of  the 
country  or  state  forms  a  part  of  the  name  of  the  institution  are  entered 
under  the  name  of  the  country  or  state. 
Examples: 

State  Library  of  Massachusetts. 
University  of  Wisconsin, 
are  entered 

Massachusetts.     State  Library,  Boston. 
Wisconsin.     University. 

Publications  of  college  and  university  libraries,  museums,  and  observa- 
tories are  entered  under  the  name  of  the  college  or  university. 
Example: 

Harvard  L^niversity.     Peabody  museum   of  American   archaeology 
and  ethnology. 

American   and   British   institutions   with   names   which   begin   with   a 
proper  noun   or   adjective   are   entered   directly  under  the  first   word   of 
that  name. 
Examples: 

British  museum. 

Golden  Gate  Park  museum. 

John  Crerar  library,  Chicago. 


The  Use  of  the  Libmnj  19 

Lelaud  Stanford  Juuior  university. 
Smithsonian  institution. 
Yale  university. 

As  a  general  rule  the  entries  for  all  other  institutions  will  be  found 
under  the  name  of  the  place  where  the  institution  is  located,  as 
Berkeley.     Public  library. 
Los  Angeles.     Chamber  of  commerce. 
Oakland.     Bank  of  savings. 
San  Francisco.    Mechanics  institute. 

Entries  for  societies  and  associations  are  found  under  the  complete  or 
official  form  of  their  name,  as 

Academy  of  natural  sciences  of  Philadelphia. 
American  historical  association. 
English  dialect  society. 
National  educational  association. 
Philological  association  of  the  Pacific  Coast. 
Philosophical  society  of  Washington. 

PERIODICAL   ENTRIES 

Periodicals  and  serials  as  well  as  books  are  listed  in  the  catalogue. 
Periodicals  are  entered  under  their  titles,  newspapers  under  the  name  of 
the  city  in  which  they  are  published,  and  serials  under  the  name  of  the 
government,  institution,  or  society  which  publishes  them.  Serial  publica- 
tions are  issued  with  such  titles  as  annual  report,  bulletin,  journal, 
memoirs,  proceedings,  report,  transactions,  or  foreign  equivalents  such  as 
abhandlungen,  aete,  annales,  archiv,  berichte,  comptes  rendus,  jahrbuch, 
jahresberichte,  proces-verbal,  revista,  and  zeitschrift.  These  are  always 
entered  under  the  name  of  the  society  or  other  body  responsible  for  them 
and  not  under  the  words  bulletin,  journal,  etc.  On  the  other  hand  maga- 
zines that  are  not  issued  by  a  society  or  institution,  having  titles  begin- 
ning mth  such  a  word  as  journal,  bulletin,  archiv,  etc.,  are  of  course 
entered  under  the  title. 

Only  bound  volumes  of  periodicals  and  serials  are  listed  in  the  cata- 
logue, the  volume  numbers  and  the  dates  covered  by  them  being  written 
as  a  part  of  the  collation.  It  will  be  noted,  especially  in  the  case  of 
reports,  that  two  series  of  dates  frequently  occur  on  the  cards.  The  dates 
immediately  following  the  volume  or  report  numbers  indicate  the  period 
covered  by  the  reports;  in  the  next  line  the  dates  are  those  of  publication. 

A  dash  between  numbers  indicates  a  consecutive  numbering  and  its 
use  in  a  periodical  entry  signifies  that  the  Library  has  all  the  volumes 
between  and  including  the  numbers  given.     A  comma  between  numbers 


20  The  Use  of  the  Library 

indicates  a  lack  of  consecutive  numbering  and  signifies  that  the  Library 
has  only  the  volumes  represented  by  the  numbers.  Example  of  a  typical 
entry  for  a  periodical: 


AP4       The  English  review,  v.  1-27,  29-31 
E523  Dec.  1908-Dec.  1918,  Julv-Dee.  1920 

London,  Duckworth  &  Co.     1908-1920 

30v. 

If  on  examining  an  entry  it  is  found  that  the  volume  wanted  is  not 
listed  on  the  card,  application  for  it  should  be  made  at  the  Periodical 
Desk,  as  the  unbound  numbers  are  kept  in  the  Periodical  Eoom. 


ANALYTICS 

Separate  articles  in  the  magazines  or  periodicals  are  not  as  a  rule 
represented  in  the  catalogue.  Certain  articles,  however,  because  of  their 
importance  or  for  other  special  reasons  have  entries  made  for  them.  These 
entries  are  known  as  analytics  or  analyticals  and  may  be  made  under  the 
author,  subject,  or  title.  In  an  author  analytic  the  name  of  the  author  and 
the  title  of  the  article  are  given  first,  followed  by  the  name  of  the  periodical 
or  serial  in  which  the  article  was  published,  together  with  the  volume  and 
page  number.  Subject  or  title  analytics  are  made  in  the  same  manner 
with  the  addition  of  the  subject  or  title  heading  at  the  top  of  the  card, 
as  in  the  example  following  under  Treaties.  Analytical  entries  are  also 
made  for  books  bound  together  or  in  collections  and  for  bound  volumes  of 
pamphlets. 

Examples: 


682c 

M6 

Hart,  Walter  Morris. 

V.  23 

The   Eeeve's   tale;    a   comparative   study   of   Chaucer's 

narrative  art. 

^todern  language  assoc.     Pub.  v.  23,  p.  1-44. 

Crandall,  Samuel  Benjamin. 

.  .  .  Treaties,  their  making  and  enforcement,  bv  Samuel 

B.  Crandall.     New  York,  The  Columbia  Univ.  Press,  1904. 
H31 

C7  (Studies  in  history,  economics  and  public  law,  vol.  21  no.  1) 

V.  21 


The  Use  of  thr  Library  21 


Treaties. 

Crandall,  Samuel  Benjamin. 

.  .  .  Treaties,  their  making  and  enforcement,  bv  Samuel 

B.  Crandall.     New  York,  The  Columbia  Univ.  Press.  1904. 

H31 

C7 

(Studies  in  history,  economics  and  public  law,  vol.  21,  no.  1) 

V.  21 

920 

B232      Fielding,  Henry,  1707-1754. 

V.  19-21       The  history  of  Tom  Jones,  a  foundling.     [Lond.   1820]. 

3v.    17   cm.    (in   Barbauld   Mrs.    [A.    L.    (Aikin)]    ed.      The 

British  novelists,  v.  19-21) 


Dryden,  John,  1631-1700. 

All  for  love.  (In  Inchbald,  v.  6  (2  cops) ;  Lond.  stage, 
V.  3;  Pm.  drama,  v.  11;  Brit,  drama,  1832,  v.  2;  Scott,  Mod. 
drama,  v.  1) 

The  use  of  analytical  cards  brings  out  the  resources  of  the  Library. 
For  instance,  the  entry  for  Dryden,  All  for  lave  makes  available  six  copies 
of  this  drama  which  would  be  lost  sight  of  in  the  collections  in  which 
they  were  published  were  analytical  entries  not  made.  It  will  be  noted 
that  this  entry  has  no  call  number  because  in  earlier  years  it  was  the 
practice  of  the  Library  to  omit  call  numbers  from  analytical  entries  and 
to  abbreviate  the  titles  of  collections.  However,  all  analytical  entries 
made  in  recent  years  have  call  numbers;  but  in  case  entries  are  found 
without  them  it  is  necessary  to  look  under  the  entry  for  the  periodical  or 
collection  in  which  the  desired  work  was  published  in  order  to  get  the 
call  number.  In  order  to  obtain  the  six  copies  of  All  for  love  it  is 
necessary  to  look  up  call  numbers  under 

Inchbald  [British  theatre]. 

London  stage. 

Pamphlets  on  drama. 

British  drama. 

Scott,  W.     Modern  British  drama. 


ARRAXGEMEXT   OF    CARDS 

The  arrangement  of  the  cards  in  the  catalogue  is  alphabetical,  as  in  a 
dictionary  or  encyclopedia.  Every  letter  in  the  word  counts.  For  instance, 
a  card  with  the  heading  Browne  comes  after  all  those  with  the  heading 
Brown.    Separate  words  are  alphabetized  separately  and  not  mingled  with 


22  The  Use  of  the  Library 

longer  words  that  have  the  same  sequence  of  letters;  that  is,  similar  icords, 
not  letters,  are  the  units  considered.  For  example,  New  York  jirecedes 
Xewton  instead  of  standing  between  Newton  and  New  Zealand.  Hyphenated 
words  are  treated  as  single  words.  In  general  the  heading  at  the  top 
of  the  card  is  sufficient  to  determine  its  place  in  the  catalogue,  but  if  two 
headings  are  the  same  then  the  words  below  are  used  for  differentiation. 

The  articles  "  a,  "  "  an, ' '  and  ' '  the ' '  and  their  equivalents  in  foreign 
languages  are  disregarded  in  alphabetizing  when  they  occur  at  the  begin- 
ning of  an  entry  or  title,  but  never  when  they  are  used  elsewhere.  This 
does  not  apply  to  articles  that  have  become  part  of  a  personal  name  as 
"  Le  Sage"  or  "La  Fontaine." 

Proper  names  which  begin  with  M ',  Mc,  St.  and  Ste.  are  arranged  as 
if  spelled  Mac,  Saint  and  Salute. 

While  the  arrangement  of  the  cards  is  alphabetical,  a  few  modifications 
should  be  noted.  Words  which  contain  the  umlaut  vowels  a,  a,  o,  0,  and  ii 
are  alphabetized  as  though  written  ae,  aa,  oe,  oe,  and  ue. 

When  the  same  word  or  words  occur  in  different  kinds  of  headings 
the  following  order  is  observed:  (1)  author,  (2)  subject,  (3)  title.  For 
example  we  have 

1.  Napoleon  as  an  author  heading, 

2.  Napoleon  as  a  subject  heading, 

3.  Napoleon  as  a  title,  arranged  in  this  order. 

When  the   same  word   represents  a  person   or   a  place   or   thing,   the 
l^erson  comes  first. 
Thus  we  have 

Washington,  George  (a  person),  preceding 

Washington,  D.  C.   (a  place). 

In  the  case  of  classical  writers  and  modern  authors  who  have  written 
many  books  a  strictly  alphabetical  arrangement  is  abandoned.  Cards  for 
complete  or  collected  works  of  an  author  are  filed  in  chronological  order 
by  date  of  publication.  These  are  followed  by  the  individual  works  or 
separate  books  arranged  alphabetically  by  the  best  known  title,  the  entries 
under  each  title  being  arranged  chronologically  by  date  of  publication; 
those  in  the  original  language  first,  followed  by  translations.  The  trans- 
lations are  grouped  alphabetically  by  the  language  of  the  translation, 
those  translated  into  English  coming  before  the  French  and  those  in 
French  in  turn  before  the  German.  Commentaries  on  an  individual  work 
follow  that  work,  but  criticisms  and  books  about  an  author  follow  all 
entries  for  books  written  by  an  author.  An  examination  of  the  catalogue 
entries  under  Dante  or  Shakespeare  will  help  to  make  this  clear. 


The  Use  of  the  Libra r (J  23 


SUBHEADINGS 

As  the  punctuation  marks  used  in  the  headings  materially  affect  the 
arrangement  of  cards  in  the  catalogue,  it  is  essential  that  the  principles 
underlying  their  use  be  understood.  The  period  is  used  to  indicate  sub- 
divisions of  the  headings  in  author  entries;  and  when  the  wording  in  the 
headings  is  similar,  it  helps  to  bring  out  the  distinction  between  author 
and  title  entries.  The  subheadings  are  considered  as  explanatory  and  are 
usually  arranged  alphabetically  under  the  heading.  They  are  disregarded 
when  the  main  headings  are  arranged,  as  in  the  following: 

California.     Eedwood  Park  commission.     Report. 

California.     State  library.     Bulletin. 

California  academy  of  sciences.     Proceedings. 

This  is  the  correct  order  because  California,  the  author  in  the  first  two 
entries,  precedes  alphabetically  California  academy  of  sciences,  the  author 
in  the  third  entry.  The  phrases,  Eedwood  Park  commission  and  State 
library,  differentiate  the  state  offices,  but  do  not  enter  into  the  problem 
of  arrangement  by  main  headings.  The  following  may  be  cited  to  illustrate 
how  the  period  brings  out  the  distinction  between  an  author  entry  and  a 
title  entry. 

Columbia  university.     Teachers  college. 

Columbia  university  contributions  to  oriental  history  and  philology. 

In  the  first  heading  the  period  signifies  that  Columbia  university  is  the 
author  with  Teachers  college  as  a  subhead;  and  as  noted  above  subhead- 
ings are  ignored  in  alphabetizing.  The  absence  of  the  period  in  the  second 
headifig  indicates  that  this  is  a  title  entry  and  all  the  words  count  iu 
determining  the  arrangement.  The  first  two  words  are  the  same  in  both 
entries,  but  the  word  contribiitio)is  is  the  next  unit  to  be  considered  and 
this  throws  it  after  the  first  entry.  A  further  examination  of  the  entries 
in  the  catalogue  under  California  and  under  Columbia  university  will 
help  to  make  this  clear. 

A  dash  is  used  in  subject  headings  to  indicate  subheadings  or  sub- 
divisions of  the  subject  under  consideration.  When  there  are  many  entries 
under  one  subject  it  makes  for  clarity  if  they  can  be  subdivided.  The 
subheadings  are  usually  in  alphabetical  order  under  each  subject,  although 
in  some  cases  the  order  may  be  chronological.  The  following  entries 
illustrate  the  use  of  the  dash. 

Russia. 

Russia — Bibliography. 

Russia — Description  and  travel. 

Russia— Economic  conditions. 

Russia — ^Foreign  relations — China. 


24  TheVse  of  the  Lihravy 

Eussia — Foreign  relations — Great   Britain. 

Eussia — History. 

Eussia— History— To  1800. 

Eussia— Historv—1801-1900. 

Eussia— History— 1894-1917. 

Eussia — History — 1917 — (Eevolution). 

Eussia — Xavy. 

Eussia — Social  couclitions. 

In  certain  subject  headings  it  is  advisable  to  have  the  entry  filed  under 
the  most  important  word  in  the  heading.  In  order  to  accomplish  this 
the  less  important  words  are  inverted,  that  is,  transposed,  so  that  they 
come  after  rather  than  before  the  key  word.  A  comma  is  used  to  indicate 
inversion  and  usually  it  denotes  a  subdivision  under  the  subject  as  well. 
For  example, 

California,  Lower. 

California,  Southern. 

This  is  known  as  an  inverted  heading  and  is  arranged  after  all  the  other 
subdivisions  for  an  author  or  subject. 

Parentheses  (  )  are  used  in  a  heading  to  show  the  sense  in  which  the 
precedings  words  are  used,  and  the  word  enclosed  is  disregarded  in  the 
alphabetizing;  as  for  example  in  the  following: 

Cold    (Disease). 
New  York   (State). 
New  York   (City). 


CLASSIFICATIOX 

Classification  has  been  defined  as  "the  putting  together  of  like  things," 
and  a  library  classification  is  "the  putting  together"  of  books  on  the 
same  subject.  At  the  present  time  there  are  two  systems  of  classification 
in  use  in  the  University  Library,  the  Eowell  and  the  Library  of  Congress 
systems. 

All  books  were  formerly  classified  according  to  the  Eowell  system, 
but  as  the  Library  grew  need  was  felt  for  a  more  detailed  scheme  and 
it  was  decided  to  reclassify  according  to  the  system  used  by  the  Library 
of  Congress.     The  work  of  reclassification  is  now  in  progress. 

The  Library  of   Congress   system   employs   a   notation   made  up   of  a 
combination  of  capital  letters  and  figures.     For  example, 
H  is  the  letter  assigned  to  economics. 
HE  is  the  subdivision  for  transportation. 

HE945  is  the  class  number  for  books  dealing  with  ocean  steamship 
lines. 


The  Use  of  the  Libmnj  25 

In  the  Rowell  system  the  class  number  is  composed  of  figures  only,  except 
that  in  a  few  cases  subdivisions  of  a  class  are  indicated  by  adding 
lower-case  letters  to  the  figur-es.  The  subjects  that  have  been  reclassified 
according  to  the  Library  of  Congress  classification  are: 

C  Auxiliary   sciences  of  history    (archaeology,   numismatics, 

epigraphy,  biography). 
D  General  history. 

DA-DE  European  history. 
DS  Asiatic  history. 

DT  African  history. 

E  American  history. 

F  Local  American  history. 

G  Geography,  anthropology,  sports  and  games. 

H  Social  sciences,  economics. 

J  ,   Political  sciences. 
L  Education. 

S  Agriculture  (in  process). 

T  Technology. 

U  Military  science. 

V  Naval  science. 

Z  Bibliography  and  library  science. 

The  following  are  still  under  the  Rowell  system: 

1-15         Philosophy. 
16-51       Religion. 
289-299  Law. 
•  333-478  Science. 
480-505  Medicine. 
600-681  Fine  arts. 
682-999  Philology  and  literature. 


CLA.SSED    OR    SUB.JECT    CATALOGUE 

Subject  entries  are  not  made  for  the  books  classified  under  the  Rowell 
scheme.  The  place  of  the  subject  entry  is  taken  by  a  separate  catalogue 
in  which  the  cards  are  arranged  by  subjects  according  to  the  classifica- 
tion number  rather  than  alphabetically  by  subject  word.  This  is  the 
Subject  or  Classed  Catalogue  and  it  occupies  the  last  two  sections  of  the 
card  cabinets  housing  the  public  catalogue.  As  a  substitute  for  the  sub- 
ject entries  until  such  time  as  the  books  now  under  the  Rowell  scheme 
are  reclassified,  blue  cards  have  been  inserted  in  the  Main  Catalogue, 
referring  to  the  class  numbers  in  the  subject  catalogue  under  which  cards 
may  be  found  for  books  on  these  subjects. 

Books  on  subjects  not  yet  reclassified  may  also  be  located  through  the 
Index  to  the  Classed  Catalogue.  For  example,  a  person  wishing  books  on 
journalism  looks  in  the  Index  and  finds  that  914  is  the  class  number  for 
journalism.     Turning  to  the  tray  bearing  this  number,  he  will  find  entries 


26  TJie  Use  of  tlie  Lihranj 

for  all  books  in  the  Library  on  this  subject.  Copies  of  the  Index  to  the 
Kowell  Classification,  in  book  form,  are  kept  on  the  table  in  front  of  the 
Classed  Catalogue. 

CALL  XUMBERS 

The  call  number  is  the  symbol  that  stands  for  a  book  in  all  the  records, 
and  it  is  used  in  locating  a  book  on  the  shelves.  It  is  made  up  of  the 
class  number  and  the  book  number,  the  latter  determining  its  specific 
location  within  the  class.  The  call  number  is  written  in  the  upper  left- 
hand  corner  of  the  catalogue  cards.  The  number  of  volumes  in  a  set  is 
noted  on  the  body  of  the  card  just  after  the  title.  Because  of  limited 
space,  the  number  of  volumes  in  a  set  is  not  included  in  the  call  number 
as  it  appears  on  the  catalogue  card,  but  the  number  of  the  specific  volume 
desired  should  be  added  to  the  call  number  w^hen  copied  on  the  call  slip. 

In  the  case  of  translations,  it  is  sometimes  difficult  to  tell  from  the 
catalogue  entry  the  language  in  which  a  book  is  printed.  For  the  classics 
and  the  modern  languages  the  fact  that  a  book  is  a  translation  is  indicated 
by  the  inclusion  in  the  call  number  of  the  capital  letter  of  the  language 
into  which  it  is  translated.  For  books  translated  into  English  a  capital 
E  forms  part  of  the  book  number,  if  translated  into  French  a  capital  F 

845 
is  used,  etc.    For  example,  the  call  number  114  is  for  Ibsen's  Brand  pub- 

b 
lished   in   the   original   Norwegian.     A   translation   of   this   into   English 

845 
has  the  call  number  114 
bEg. 

On  some  of  the  cards  rubber  stamp  notations  appear  as  part  of  the 
call  number.  They  help  determine  the  location  of  the  book  and  should 
be  copied  when  writing  the  call  number. 

Many  books  because  of  their  value  for  reference  use,  their  rarity,  or 
for  other  reasons,  are  non-circulating,  that  is,  are  not  available  for  home 
use.  A  single  *  or  double  **  star  below  the  call  number  indicates  books 
upon  which  this  restriction  is  placed. 

On  still  other  cards  there  is  no  call  number,  but  only  the  rubber  stamp 
notation;  this  generally  indicates  restricted  circulation  of  some  kind.  The 
more  common  of  these  stamps  are: 

(1)  Those  that  refer  to  books  in  departments  or  branches  of  the  University. 
For  example,  the  stamp  Physics  department.  Medical  department.  Zoology 
department,  or  University  Farm,  indicates  that  the  book  is  in  the  depart- 
ment named  and  that  application  for  it  should  be  made  to  that  department. 

(2)  Periodical  This  indicates  that  the  book  is  kept  on  open  shelves  in 
^    '  Room  '■  '- 

the  annex  to  the  Pei-iodical  Eoom.  This  annex  houses  periodicals  and 
serials  arranged  alphabetically  by  title.     The   catalogue  contains   many 


The  Use  of  the  Library  27 

analytical  cards  for  articles  in  these  volumes,  especially  articles  in  the 
publications  of  the  U.  S.  Bureau  of  Education,  which  are  shelved  here. 

(3)  Reclass  This  stamp  indicates  that  the  book  named  on  the  card  is 
in  process  of  reclassification  and  is  not  available  for  home  use.  It  may 
be  consulted  in  the  Library,  however,  if  a  call  slip  is  made  out  as  usual 
but  with  the  word  "Eeclass"  and  the  accompanying  initials  copied  in 
place  of  the  call  number. 

(4)  Archives  The  Archives  is  the  collection  of  material  about  the 
University,  together  with  its  publications  and  the  writings  of  members 
of  its  faculty.  The  material  in  this  collection  is  non-circulating,  but  the 
General  Library  contains  other  copies  of  the  more  important  books. 

,    .  Calif.  Fiction  mi  •       •  n      x-  xi        t  -i  ■  -i  ■  x 

(5)  Collection  Ihis   is   a  collection    the   Library   is   endeavoring   to 
Not  For  Use 

build  uj)  for  historical  purposes  of  books  written  by  Californians  or  with 

a  California  setting.  While  these  books  are  not  for  use,  their  entry  in  the 
catalogue  is  valuable  to  any  one  working  on  California  literature.  As  a 
rule  there  are  other  copies  of  these  works  for  circulation,  and  if  the  cards 
just  before  or  after  them  are  examined  the  call  number  for  the  circulating 
copy  can  be  found. 

In  order  to  get  a  book  after  finding  an  entry  in  the  Catalogue  for  it, 
it  is  necessary  to  fill  out  a  ' '  call  slip ' '  and  present  it,  together  with  the 
student 's  registration  card,  at  the  Loan  Desk.  If  the  book  is  wanted  for 
consultation  in  the  Library,  a  white  "Library  Use  Slip"  should  be  filled 
out,  but  if  it  is  to  be  taken  out  of  the  building  a  brown  "Home  Use  Slip" 
should  be  used. 

The  borrower's  full  name  and  address,  including  city  as  well  as  street 
number,  should  appear  on  each  call  slip.  Care  should  be  taken  to  make 
out  slips  accurately  and  legibly,  as  more  mistakes  are  due  to  poorly 
written  and  inaccurate  call  numbers  and  signatures  than  to  anything  else. 
In  copying  the  call  number  take  special  pains  to  copy  it  as  it  is  written. 
If  the  letters  are  capital  letters  they  should  be  copied  so,  if  small  letters 
do  not  make  them  cajsitals. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY 

The  term  bibliography,  like  many  other  words,  has  undergone  a  transi- 
tion in  meaning.  It  originally  meant  the  copying  or  transcribing  of  books. 
After  the  invention  of  printing  the  increase  in  the  number  of  books  was 
so  great  that  by  the  end  of  the  18th  century  books  were  written  devoted 
entirely  to  the  description  and  history  of  books,  especially  of  Incunabula, 
i.e.,  books  printed  between  1445  and  1500.  Bibliography  then  came  to 
mean  a  knowledge  of  or  a  description  of  books.  While  the  authors  and 
subjects  of  the  books  received  some  attention,  special  emphasis  was  laid 


28  The  Use  of  the  Lihranj 

on  the  date  of  publication,  distinction  between  editions,  the  typographical 
make-up  and  physical  condition  of  the  books,  and  their  history,  rarity,  or 
value  as  literary  curiosities. 

While  this  meaning  of  the  term  still  exists,  common  usage  now  defines 
bibliography  as  a  list  of  writings  by  or  about  an  author,  or  a  list  of  books 
and  articles  on  a  particular  subject. 


KINDS    OF    BIBLIOGRAPHY 

The  more  common  types  are  author  bibliograidiy,  subject  liibliography, 
trade  bibliography,  and  general  bibliograi)hy. 

An  author  bibliography  is  a  list  of  books  and  articles  written  by  a 
particular  author,  or  it  is  a  list  of  books  and  articles  Avritten  al:»out  him. 
As,  for  example, 

W.  F.  Prideaux,  A  hibJiograpliy  of  the  worts  of  Bobert  Louis  Steven- 
son, a  neic  and  revised  edition,  edited  and  supplemented  hy  Mrs. 
Luther  S.  Livingston.     1917. 

Merle  Johnson,  A  bibliography  of  the  ivorls  of  Marl'  Twain,  Samuel 
Langhorne  Clemens.     1910. 

The  arrangement  of  the  wording  as  it  appears  on  the  title  pages  of  the 
books  is  indicated  in  some  bibliographies  by  enclosing  between  upright 
dashes  the  words  that  form  the  separate  lines  on  the  title  page.  As,  for 
example. 

Adventures  |  of  |  Huckleberry  Finn  |    (Tom  Sawyer's  Comrade).] 
Scene:    The  Mississippi  Valley.  |  Time:    Forty  to  Fifty  Years  Ago.l 
By  Mark  Twain.  |  With  One  Hundred  and  Seventy-four  Illustrations. [ 
New  York:  |  Charles  L.  Webster  and  Company.]  1885. 

A  subject  or  as  it  is  sometimes  called  a  special  bibliography  is  a  list 
of  books  and  articles  about  a  given  subject.     As,  for  example, 

L.  J.  Paetow,  Guide  to  the  study  of  medieval  history.     1917. 
W.  B.  Munro,  Bibliography  of  municipal  government  in  the  United 
States.     1915. 

Trade  bibliography  is  the  term  applied  to  publishers'  catalogues,  the 
lists  that  appear  weekly,  monthly,  and  annually  of  the  new  books  j)ub- 
lished,  records  of  book  auction  prices,  secondhand  book  catalogues,  and 
other  similar  publications  which  are  intended  primarily  for  the  book  trade 
and  which  in  addition  to  the  usual  information  about  the  publisher,  place 
and  date  of  publication  give  the  sale  price  of  books.    As,  for  example, 

The  Publishers'  weekly. 

The  United  States  catalog  supplement:    books  published  J91-2-1917. 

Cumulative  book  index  .  .  .  of  books  published  June,  1919-June,  1920. 

"A  general  bibliography  is  a  list  of  books  not  limited  to  those  of  any 
period,  locality,  subject,  or  author."    As,  for  example,  the  British  Museum's 


The  Use  of  the  Lihrarij  29 

Catalogue  of  printed  hools.  Another  excellent  example  of  this  type  is 
the  ' '  Union  Depository  Catalogue. ' '  This  is  a  catalogue  filed  in  the 
cases  in  the  south  corridor  on  the  second  floor  of  the  Library.  It  is  com- 
posed of  author  cards  for  books  in  the  Library  of  Congress  and  such  cards 
as  have  been  printed  by  the  John  Crerar,  Harvard  University,  University 
of  Chicago,  University  of  Michigan,  and  Newberry  libraries.  The  periodical 
indexes  previously  described  are  another  form  of  general  bibliography. 

A  further  distinction  is  usually  made  between  complete  bibliography 
and  selected  bibliography.  "A  bibliography  is  never  absolutely  com- 
plete, but  it  is  called  a  complete  bibliography  when  the  compiler  has 
attempted  to  include  all  the  literature  within  the  defined  limits  of  his 
subject.  A  selected  bibliography  is  one  which  includes  a  portion  of  the 
literature  of  the  subject,  selected  from  the  whole  literature  because  of 
greater  value  or  special  suitability  for  a  given  use.  A  reading  list  is  a 
still  more  closely  selected  bibliography  designed  to  give  advice  as  to 
reading  on  a  given  subject  and  usually  supplied  with  critical  notes. '  '* 

The  value  of  a  bibliography  lies  in  the  fact  that  it  lists  in  one  place 
information  from  many  scattered  sources,  and  its  use  saves  much  duplica- 
tion of  effort.  It  is  useful  in  verifying  titles  and  enables  one  who  is 
looking  up  doubtful  references  to  know  what  books  are  available.  If 
information  on  a  certain  subject  is  desired  a  selective  bibliography  will 
point  the  way  to  the  most  useful  articles.  To  a  person  doing  intensive 
research  work  in  any  field  the  bibliographies  already  compiled  are  of 
great  assistance  as  a  guide  to  the  work  that  has  already  been  done  and 
as  a  starting  point  from  which  to  gather  further  material. 

PREPARATIOX 

Students  are  frecjuently  required  to  compile  a  bibliography  either  as 
a  preliminary  to  the  writing  of  a  paper  or  to  show  what  authorities  they 
have  consulted  in  writing  one.  To  compile  a  bibliography,  get  some  idea 
of  the  subject  to  be  covered,  read  about  it  in  the  encyclopedias  and 
periodicals,  and  then  define  and  limit  its  scope.  After  this  is  done  begin 
the  collection  of  references  starting  with  the  entries  in  the  card  catalogue 
of  the  Library.  Get  the  books  listed  on  the  subject,  examine  them  care- 
fully, being  on  the  lookout  for  references  to  new  material  that  they  may 
contain  either  in  footnotes  or  in  bibliographies.  List  the  references  found 
in  encyclopedias,  look  over  other  bibliographies  and  indexes  on  the  same 
and  allied  subjects,  consult  the  periodical  indexes,  and  the  indexes  to 
articles  in  books  such  as  tlie  American  Library  Association,  Index  to  general 
literature.  Make  note  of  all  the  references  found;  the  most  convenient 
method  for  future  use  is  to  copy  them  on  cards,  a  reference  to  a  card. 


*I.  G.  Mudge.    Bibliography  (Preprint  of  Manual  of  library  economy,  chap.  24),  p.  5. 


30  TheUsc  of  the  Lihranj 

Next  examine  the  books  or  articles  called  for  to  see  if  they  are  of  value 
and  if  they  come  within  the  limits  set  for  the  bibliography.  To  be  useful 
a  bibliography  must  be  accurate  and  it  is  a  cardinal  point  of  modern 
bibliography  not  to  include  references  that  have  not  been  examined  by 
the  person  compiling  the  bibliography. 

In  order  to  make  a  bibliography  easier  to  use,  the  name  of  the  author 
of  an  article  is  usually  written  on  a  line  by  itself  and  the  rest  of  the  entry 
indented  under  it.  In  some  eases  in  order  to  save  space,  the  title  follows 
directly  after  the  name  of  the  author  with  all  but  the  first  line  indented. 
As,  for  example, 

Foster,  John  W. 

A  century  of  American  diplomacy,  being  a  brief  review  of  the 

foreign    relations    of    the    United    States    1776-1876.      Boston, 

Houghton,  1902. 
or 

Foster,  John  W.     A  century  of  American  diplomacy,  being  a  brief 

review  of  the  foreign  relations  of  the  United  States  1776-1876. 

Boston,  Houghton,  1902. 

The  call  number  is  seldom  included  in  printed  references,  but  if  it  is,  it 
should  be  placed  in  the  margin  to  the  left  of  the  entry.  It  is  advisable, 
however,  to  preserve  the  call  number  in  the  margin  of  the  notes  so  that 
references  can  be  easily  verified. 

The  references  in  any  good  bibliography  should  contain  the  following 
information:  the  name  of  the  author,  the  title  of  the  book,  the  edition, 
number  of  volumes,  and  the  place  and  date  of  publication.  If  the  refer- 
ences are  to  articles  in  periodicals,  the  name  and  date  of  the  periodical 
as  well  as  the  volume  and  page  references  should  be  included.  These  are 
the  minimum  requirements.  The  name  of  the  publisher,  the  number  and 
size  of  the  pages  of  the  book,  annotations  and  notes  about  the  references, 
the  call  number  and,  if  a  rare  book,  the  name  of  the  library  where  it  may 
be  consulted,  add  greatly  to  the  value  of  a  bibliography.  The  name  of 
the  publisher  is  usually  abbreviated  to  the  first  important  word  in  the 
name  and  if  the  bibliography  is  not  intended  for  publication  may  be 
omitted  altogether. 

The  order  in  which  these  items  are  arranged,  the  form  and  the  style 
of  their  punctuation  A-ary  greatly.  An  ideal  form  is  one  which  gives  all 
the  needed  information  compactly,  yet  has  enough  punctuation  so  that 
special  markings  in  typewritten  manuscript  or  the  use  of  italics  or  difCer- 
ent  faces  of  type  in  printed  matter  are  not  required  to  make  the  meaning 
clear.  Devices  which  contribute  to  this  end  are  the  employment  of  Arabic 
rather  than  Eoman  figures  for  the  volume  number,  the  use  of  a  colon  to 
sejjarate  the  volume  from  the  page  number,  and  the  omission  of  the  abbre- 
viations vol.  and  pp.  For  example  Vol.  XLIX,  pp.  241-279  is  better 
written  as  49:241-279.     This  form  of  writing  volume  and  page  numbers 


The  Use  of  the  Lihranj  31 

is  xeiy  generally  used  and  whenever  a  combination  of  numbers  separated 
by  a  colon  occurs  in  a  reference  the  number  before  the  colon  invariably 
refers  to  the  volume  number  and  that  following  the  colon  to  the  page 
number. 

STAXDARD    FORMS 
The  following  forms  are  standard  and  are  suggested  as  models. 

I.  For  references  to  books. 

Author 's  surname,  given  name  or  initials,  title  of  the  book,  name  of 
editor  or  translator,  the  edition,  the  number  of  volumes  if  more  than  one, 
the  place  of  publication,  the  publisher,  and  the  date  of  publication;  and 
if  the  reference  is  only  to  a  part  of  the  work,  the  volume  and  page  refer- 
ence. If  the  name  of  the  series  to  which  the  book  belongs  is  given  it 
should  be  placed  in  parentheses  at  the  end  of  the  entry. 

The  system  of  punctuation  is  a  comma  between  surname  and  given 
name,  a  period  between  name  of  author  and  title,  a  semicolon  after  the 
title  when  followed  by  editor  or  edition,  or  a  period  in  case  neither  is 
given,  a  period  after  the  edition  and  after  number  of  volumes,  commas 
between  the  place  of  publication,  the  name  of  the  publisher,  the  date  of 
IJublication,  and  the  page  reference,  and  a  period  at  the  end  of  the  entry. 
The  form  ed.  2  is  preferred  to  2d  ed.  Edited  and  translated  may  be 
abbreviated  to  ed.  and  tr. 
Examples: 

Bryce,  James. 

American  commonwealth;  new  edition  completely  revised  through- 
out with  additional  chapters.  New  York,  Macmillau,  1914, 
1:535-44. 

Hodge,  Frederick  Webb. 

Handbook  of  American  Indians  north  of  Mexico.  2  vols.  Wash- 
ington, Government  Printing  Office,  1907.  (Bureau  of  American 
ethnology.     Bull.  30.) 

Maclay,  Edgar  Stanton. 

History  of  the  United  States  navy,  1775-1901;  new  ed.  revised  and 
enlarged.     3  vols.     New  York,  Appleton,  1906-07. 

Osgood,  Charles  Grosvenor. 

Concordance  to  the  jioems  of  Edmund  Spenser.  Washington,  Car- 
negie Institution,  1915.     (Publication  No.  189.) 

Pattison,  Mark. 

Milton.     London,  Macniillan,  1911.     (English  men  of  letters.) 
Eambaud,  A.  N. 

History  of  Eussia  from  the  earliest  times  to  1877;  tr.  by  L.  B.  Lang, 
with  additional  chapters  covering  the  period  from  1877-1904,  by 
G.  M.  Adam.     2  vols.     New  York,  Burt,  1904. 


32  •  The  Use  of  the  Libra ru 

II.  For  references  in  periodicals  and  serials. 

Author's  surname,  given  name  or  initials,  title  of  the  article,  name  of  the 
periodical,  volume  and  page  reference  and  date.  The  name  of  the  periodical 
and  the  date  are  usually  abbreviated.  In  copying  references  it  is  usually 
sufficient  to  copy  the  abbreviations  as  they  appear  in  the  standard  period- 
ical indexes,  but  if  an  extended  bibliography  is  being  prepared  it  is 
advisable  to  give  a  list  of  the  abbreviations  used.  "Whenever  the  refer- 
ences are  to  weeklies  the  day  of  the  month  is  given  as  a  part  of  the  date 
as  well  as  the  year.  In  case  a  serial  has  no  volume  numlier  the  date 
covered  by  it  is  used  in  place  of  the  volume  number. 
Examples: 

Allen,  B.  Sprague. 

The  reaction  against  William  Godwin.    Modern  Philology,  16:57-75, 
Sept.  1918. 

Humphrey,  A.  W. 

British  labor  movement  and  the  war.     Pol.  Sci.  Q.  .32:1-27,  March 
1917. 

Kline,  Allen  Marshall. 

Attitude  of  Congress  toward  the  Pacific  railway,  1856-1862.    Amer. 
Hist.  Assoc.  Eeport,  1910:189-98. 

Pound,  Louise. 

The  ballad  and  the  dance.     Modern  Language  Association  Publica- 
tions, 34:360-400,  1919. 

Thompson,  Elbert  N.  S. 

English  moral  plays.     Conn.   Acad,   of  Arts  and  Sciences.     Trans. 
14:291-414,    March    1910. 

III.  For  references  to  articles  included  in  books. 

Author's  surname,  given  name  or  initials,  title  of  the  article,  followed 
by  in  (underlined  if  typewritten,  in  italics  if  printed),  the  surname  and 
given  name  or  initials  of  the  editor  or  compiler,  title  of  the  work,  the 
edition,  the  place  of  publication,  the  publisher,  the  date  of  publication 
and  the  volume  and  page  reference. 
Examples: 

Benjamin,  Park. 

The  end  of  New  York,  in  Stories  by  American  authors.    New  York, 
Scribner,  1884,  5:82-141. 

Burdette,  Eobert  Jones. 

Else  and  fall  of  the  mustache,  in  Eeed,  Thomas  B.     Modern  elo- 
quence.    Philadelphia,  Morris,  1901,  4:145-80. 

Kobrin,  Leon. 

Secret  of  life,  in  Goldberg,  Isaac,  tr.  and  ed.    Six  plays  of  the  Yid- 
dish theatre.     Second  series.     Boston,  Luce,  1918,  pp.  181-97. 


The  Use  of  the  Library  33 

Lincoln,  Abraham. 

Address  delivered  at  the  dedication  of  the  cemetery  at  Gettysburg, 
Nov.  19th,  1863,  in  Paul,  Herbert.  Famous  speeches.  Boston, 
Little,  1911,  pp.  335-6. 

Phillips,  J.  S.  E. 

Growth  of  journalism,  in  Ward,  A.  W.  Cambridge  history  of  Eng- 
lish literature.     Cambridge,  University  Press,  1916,  14:167-204. 

While  the  forms  noted  above  are  standard,  those  followed  by  the 
University  of  California  Press  vary  from  them  in  several  respects.  The 
L'^niversit}^  Press  issues  publications  in  many  different  series  which  cover 
a  wide  range  of  subjects,  and  the  form  of  the  bibliographical  reference 
depends  on  the  series  in  which  it  is  to  appear.  The  principal  variations 
in  the  scientific  series  from  the  forms  noted  above  are  parentheses  around 
the  place  of  publication  and  name  of  publisher,  the  inclusion  of  the  num- 
ber of  pages  and  plates,  the  location  of  the  date  of  publication  directly 
below  the  name  of  the  author,  and  the  use  of  bold  face  type  for  the 
volume  number  followed  by  a  comma,  instead  of  a  colon.  Persons  working 
in  scientific  fields  may  prefer  to  adopt  this  form. 

Examples: 

Gilman,  M.  P. 

1909.     Nesting  notes  on  the  Lucy  warbler.     Condor,  11,  166-168. 
Hornaday,  AV.  J. 

1913.     Our  vanishing  wild  life,  its  extermination  and  preservation. 
(New  York,  Seribner),  xv  +  411,  many  illus. 

McClendon,  J.  F. 

1909.     Protozoan  studies.     J.  Exp.  Zool.,  6,  265-285,  pis.  1,  2. 
Morcom,  G.  F. 

1887.     Notes  on  the  birds  of  Southern  California  and  Southwestern 
Arizona.      The    Eidgeway    Oruitholoiiieal    Club    Bull.,    2, 
36-57. 
Newton,  A. 

1899.     A  dictionary  of  birds.     (London,  Black),  xii  +  1088,  many  figs, 
in  text. 

Stephens,  J.  W.  W.,  and  Christophers,  S.  E. 

1903.     The  practical  study  of  malaria  and  other  blood  parasites. 
(London,  Longmans),  pp.  1-378,  2  pis.,  93  figs,  in  text. 

The  difl'erences  in  form  for  the  other  series  of  Press  publications 
vary  in  so  many  minor  details  that  it  is  not  practicable  to  mention  them 
here. 

For  the  sake  of  uniformity  and  to  avoid  having  to  go  back  later  and 
look  up  data  omitted,  it  is  well  to  adopt  one  style  of  citation  and  follow 
it  consistently,  even  when  copying  notations  for  the  first  time. 


34  The  Use  of  the  Library 


ARRANGEMENT    OF    REFERENCES 

The  arrangement  of  references  is  determined  by  the  nature  of  the 
bibliography.  The  usual  arrangement  is  alphabetical,  and  if  any  other 
order  is  employed  the  entries  should  be  indexed.  If  the  bibliography  is 
not  long  it  may  be  desirable  to  arrange  the  references  in  the  order  of  their 
importance;  or  all  references  to  periodicals  may  be  segregated  into  a 
separate  list  and  arranged  either  under  the  name  of  the  author  of  the 
article,  or  under  the  name  of  the  periodical.  An  arrangement  frequently 
used  in  subject  bibliography  is  an  alphabetical  grouping  of  references 
under  each  subdivision  of  the  topic.  In  an  author  bibliography  a 
chronological  arrangement  is  often  preferred,  of  which  the  following 
outline  is  an  example. 

1.  First  editions  and  separate  works. 

2.  Contributions  to  books. 

3.  Contributions  to  periodicals  in  prose. 

4.  Contributions  to  periodicals  in  verse. 

5.  Selections  from  works. 

6.  Complete  volumes  of  biography  and  criticism. 

7.  Criticism  in  books. 

8.  Criticism  in  magazines,  newspapers,  etc. 

9.  Index. 

If  an  elaborate  outline  is  not  needed  some  of  these  subdivisions  may 
be  combined,  or  a  combination  of  the  chronological  and  the  alphabetical 
order  may  be  employed  by  arranging  the  writings  in  chronological  order 
and  the  criticisms  and  works  about  the  author  in  alphabetical  order. 


The  Use  of  the  Lihrayj/  35 


LIST  OF  REFEEENCES 

Allen,  Albert  H. 

Suggestions  on  the  prejiaration   of  maiuiscript.     Berkeley,  University 
of  California  Press,  1917. 
American  Library  Association. 

Catalog   rules,   author   and   title   entries;    eompileil   by   committees   of 
the  American  Library  Association  and  the  (British)  Library  Associa- 
tion.    American   edition.     Chicago,  American  Library  Association, 
1908. 
Brown,  James  Duff. 

A  manual  of  practical  bibliography.    London,  Eoutledge,  n.  d. 
Connolly,  Louise. 

How  to  use  a  library:   a  course  of  study  .  .  .  in  Dana,  John  Cotton. 
Modern  library  economy  as  illustrated  by  the  Newark,  N.  J.,  Free 
Public  Library.    Woodstock,  Elm  Tree  Press,  1917. 
Cutter,  Charles  A. 

Eules  for  a  dictionary  catalog,  ed.  4,  rewritten.     Washington,  Govern- 
ment Printing  Office,  1904. 
Fay,  Lucy  E.  and  Eaton,  Anne  T. 

Instruction  in  the  use  of  books  and  libraries,  a  textbook  for  normal 
schools  and  colleges.     Boston,  Boston  Book  Co.,  1915. 
Hutchins,  Margaret,  and  others. 

Guide  to  the  use  of  libraries,  a  manual  for  students  in  the  University 
of  Illinois,  by  Margaret  Hutchins  .  .  .  Alice  S.  Johnson  .  .  .  and 
Margaret  S.  Williams.   .  .   .     Urbana,  1920. 
Kroeger,  Alice  Bertha. 

Guide  to  the  study  and  use  of  reference  books;  ed.  3  revised  through- 
out and  much  enlarged  by  Isadore  Gilbert  Mudge.    Chicago,  American 
Library  Association,  1917. 
1  OWE,  John  Adams. 

Books  and  libraries,  a  manual  of  instruction  in  their  use  for  colleges. 
Boston,  Boston  Book  Co.,  1916. 
Mudge,  Isadore  Gilbert. 

Bibliography,    preprint    of    Manual    of    library    economy,    chapter    24. 
Chicago,  American  Library  Association,  1915. 
University  of  California. 

Library    handljook,    1918-1919.      Berkeley,    University    of    California 

Press. 
Eules  of  the  editorial  committee,  with  specifications  for  style  of  print- 
ing.    Berkeley,  University  of  California  Press,  1917. 
Ward,  Gilbert  O. 

The  practical  use  of  books  and  libraries,  an  elementary  manual;  ed.  3, 
revised  and  enlarged.     Boston,  Boston  Book  Co.,  1917. 
WiswELL,  Leon  O. 

How  to  use  reference  books.     New  York,  American  Book  Co.,  [1916]. 


36 


The  Use  of  the  JJhrary 


INDEX 


Abbreviations  used  in  jjeriodiral  indexes, 
14,   32. 

Added  entries,   15,17. 

Analytics,   20. 

Annual  magazine  subject  index.   12. 

Archives,   27. 

Atlases,    10. 

Author  bibliography,   28. 

Author  entry,  hovr  to  distinguish,  23. 

Bibliography.  27;  kinds  of,  28;  com- 
pilation of,  29 ;  references  in,  ar- 
rangement, 30,  34:  standard  forms 
for,  31;  value  of,  29. 

Biographical  dictionaries,   8,   10. 

Book  review  digest,   13. 

Book  reviews,  11. 

Brackets,  use  of,    15. 

Call   numbers,    26. 

Call   slips,   27. 

Catalogue,  Main,  14;  Classed.  25;  Dic- 
tionary, 14  ;  entries,  15  ;  alphabetiz- 
ing of,  21,  23:  arrangement  of  cards. 
21,  23. 

Citations  in  bibliographical  references, 
forms  for,  31,  33. 

Classed  catalogue,  25. 

(Massification,  Library  of  Congress,  24; 
Rowell,    25. 

Collation,   15. 

Colon  between  volume  and  page  num- 
ber,  30. 

Comma,  use  of,  19,  24. 

Copyright  date,   6. 

Dash,  use  of,   16,   19,  23. 

Dictionaries,    9:   biographical.    8.    10. 

Dictionary   catalogue,    14. 

Dramatic  index,    13. 

EncycloiDedias,    9. 

English  I.  5. 

Entries  in  catalogue,   15. 

General  bibliography.  28. 

Governments  as  authors,  18. 

Heading,  15,  17.  23;  subheading.  23: 
inverted,   24. 

Home  use  slip,  27. 

Imprint,    15. 

Incunabula,  27. 

Indexes,    periodical,   how  to  use,    13. 

Indexes  to  periodicals,  9,  11. 

Institutions  as  authors,   18. 

International   index   to   periodical^!.    12. 

Inverted   heading,    24. 


Library  of  Congress  classification,   24. 

Libary  use  slip,  27. 

Literarj^  handbooks,  9. 

Main  card,  15. 

Main   entry,    15. 

Maps,    10. 

Newspapei's,   entries  for,    19. 

Xon-circulating   books,    26. 

Overnight  use  of  books,   6. 

Parentheses,   24,   31,   33. 

Period,   use  of,   23. 

Periodical  annex,  10,  26. 

Periodical  indexes,  9,   11,  13. 

Periodical  room,   10. 

Periodicals,  10,  19;  home  use  of,  11; 
entries   for,    19.    20. 

Poetry,   index  to.   9. 

Poole's  index,   11. 

Printed    cards.    15. 

Punctuation,  in  headings,  23 :  in  refer- 
ences,   31. 

Quotations,    books   of,    9. 

Reading   list,    29. 

Reading  room,  6 :  location  of  books  in, 
7. 

Readers'  guide,  12. 

Reclassification,    24,    27. 

Reference  books,  8 ;  use  of,  6. 

Reference  department,   10. 

References  in  bibliography,  items  com- 
posing, 30. 

Registration  cards,  use  of,  6,  2  7. 

Reserved  book   catalogue.   5. 

Reserved  book  room,   5. 

Reserved  books,    5,    6. 

Rowell   classification,   25. 

Serials,    19. 

Societies  as  authors,  18. 

Standard  forms  for  bililiographical  ref- 
erences,  31. 

Subheadings,   23. 

Sul),iect  bibliography,   28. 

Subject   catalogue,    25. 

Subject  entry,   17. 

Subject  inde.t  to  pe nodical -f.   12.   13. 

Subject  indexes.    13. 

Title,    15. 

Title  cards,  17. 

Trade  bibliography,    28. 

Translations,  how  indicated,   26. 

Umlaut    vowels,    alphabetizing   of,    22. 

Union  depository  catalogue.  29. 


SYLLABUS   SERIES— (Continued) 

34.  Agricultural  Education.    Lesson  Exercises.    1912.    Price,  25  cents. 

39.  Contemporary  Political  Questions.     1912.    Price,  50  cents. 

45.  Economics  113b.    Labor  Organizations  in  Great  Britain  and  the  United 
States.    1914.    Price,  60  cents.  - 

60.  Shakespeare  and  Modern  Prose  and  Nineteenth  Century  Prose.    English 
S15,  S117A,  and  S126.    1915'.    Price,  10  cents. 

64.  Political  Science  101.    Theory  of  the  State.    1915.    Eeprinted,  August, 
1917.    Price,  75  cents. 

66.  English  2b.     Analysis  of  Milton's  "Paradise  Lost."     1916.     Price, 
15  cents. 

74.  Biochemistry.     Revised,  February,  1919.    Price,  $2.00. 

'  75.  Physics  iB.     January,  1917.    Price,  50  cents. 

78.  Political  Science  112.    Legislative  Failure  and  Reform.    1917.    Price, 

10  cents. 

79.  Elementary    Mathematics   for    Prospective    Teachers.      April,    1917. 

Price,  10  cents. 

) 

80.  Jurisprudence    18a.      Problems    in    Commercial    Law.      August,    1920. 

Price,  55  cents. 

81.  Jurisprudence'  18b.      Problems  in   Commercial   Law,     Reprinted,    Sep- 

tember, 1920.    Price,  75  cents. 

82.  English  S130,  14,  and  S117A,     Studies  in  American  Literature  and 

Biography,  Modern  Drama,   and   Shakespeare.   June,   1917.     Price, 
25  cents. 

88.  Elements  of  Law  Latin.    Latin  L.     August,  1917.     Price,  $1.00. 

90.  Guide  to  the  Study  of  Medieval  History.     November,  1917.     Price, 
bound  in  cloth,  $2.00. 

92.  General  Zoology.      Laboratory  Instructions  for  Zoology  1a.    Revised, 
June,  1920.     Price,  60  cents. 

95.  Laboratory  Directions  in  Physiology.    October,  1918.    Price,  75  cents. 

97.  Food  Preparation  and  Tests.     Home  Economics.     July,  1919.    Price, - 
75  cents. 

100.  Graphic  Art  lA.    General  History  of  Art.    August,  1919.    Price,  $1.60. 

101.  Selected  Readings  in  Anthropology.    August,  1919.    Price,  75  cents. 

{Continued  on  fourth  page  of  cover) 


SYLLA»US   SERIES— (Continue*) 

109.  Notes  on  the  Military  Policy  of  the  United  States  since  j  j62.    Octobc 

1919.  Price,  10  cents, 

110.  Economics  182.     Forms  for  Studies  in  Standards  of  Living.     191! 

Price,  50  cents. 

115.  Economics   10.      Economic    and    Commercial    History,    with    speci 
reference  to  England.     August,  1920.     Price,  15  cents. 

118.  Source  Book  in  Anthropology.     August,  1920.     Price,  bound  in. 

$2.50. 

119.  Three  Essays  on  the  Antiquity  and  Eaces  of  Man.    September,  19^ 

Price,  75  cents. 

120.  Economics  11.    Industrial  History  of  the  United  States.    August, 

Price,  15  cents. 

121.  Outline  of  a  Course  in  Algebra  for  Prospective  Teachers.     Augu^ 

1920.  Price,  50  cents. 

122.  Slavic  32.     KochanoTrski  Laments.     October,  1920.    Price,  ^u 

123.  Economics  180.     The  Control  of  Poverty,     November,  1920.     Pri 

50  cents. 

124.  Anthropology  1b.    Syllabus  and  Instructions.    1920-21.    Price,  15  cen^ 

125.  Hydraulic  Tables.     Department  of  Mechanical  and  Electrical  En^ 

neering.    December,  1920.    Price,  75  cents. 

126.  Bacteriology   101.     Laboratory  Manual.     Microorganisms  in   Tl 

Eelatiou  to  Disease.     1921.    Price,  $1.10. 

127.  Civil  Engineering  1.    Manual  of  Instructions.     1921.    Price,  25  e 

128.  Anthropology  lA.     Syllabus  and  Instructions.     1921.    Price.  10  ct.. 

130.  Zoology  lA.    Laboratory  Instructions.    1921.    Price,  50  cents. 

131.  Economics  1a-1b.    Principles  of  Economics.    1921.    Price,  20  cents, 

132.  Economics  135.    Money  and  Banking.     1921.     Price,  15  cents. 

133.  Economics  14a.     Principles  of  Accounting.     1921.     Price  25  cenj 

134.  The  Use  of  the  Library.    November,  1921,    Price,  —  cents. 
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